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References and Workshop Proceedings

EFSA Scientific Opinion

EFSA Scientific Opinion on the Welfare of Pigs focuses on the welfare of pigs on farm, and is based on literature and expert opinion. The most relevant husbandry systems used in Europe are described. Section 5 details the latest evidence and recommendations on farrowing systems. Read the full publication.

Free farrowing workshops

Researchers from across the world have been joined by industry representatives as well as leading NGOs to discuss various aspects of non-confinement housing of sows for farrowing and lactation.

View proceedings from these meetings below:

Reference list

Below is a list of references divided into sub-categories and are arranged by descending date order:

Reviews
  • Baxter, E.M., Andersen, I.L. and Edwards, S.A., 2024. Sow welfare in farrowing systems. In Advances in Pig Welfare (pp. 185-217). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85676-8.00016-X
  • Hemsworth, P.H., Tilbrook, A.J., Galea, R.Y., Lucas, M.E., Chidgey, K.L. and Hemsworth, L.M., 2023. Review of the influence of farrowing and lactation housing and positive human contact on sow and piglet welfare. Frontiers in Animal Science, 4, p.1230830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1230830
  • Moustsen, V.A., Seddon, Y.M. and Hansen, M.J., 2023. Animal board invited review: The need to consider emissions, economics and pig welfare in the transition from farrowing crates to pens with loose lactating sows. animal, p.100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100913
  • Plush, K.J., Hewitt, R.J., D’Souza, D.N. and van Barneveld, R.J., 2023. Towards truly stall free pork production? animal, p.101002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.101002
  • Baxter EM, Moustsen VA, Goumon S, Illmann G and Edwards SA (2022) Transitioning from crates to free farrowing: A roadmap to navigate key decisions. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:998192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.998192
  • Goumon S, Illmann G, Moustsen VA, Baxter EM and Edwards SA (2022) Review of Temporary Crating of Farrowing and Lactating Sows. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:811810 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.811810
  • EFSA, AHAW, Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, et al. Welfare of pigs on farm. EFSA J. (2022) 20:e07421. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7421
  • Glencorse, D., Plush, K., Hazel, S., D’Souza, D. and Hebart, M., 2019. Impact of non-confinement accommodation on farrowing performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of farrowing crates versus pens. Animals, 9: 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110957
Crated sow welfare
  • Markland, L., Johnson, J.S., Richert, B.T., Erasmus, M.A. and Lay Jr, D.C., 2023. Investigating the effects of jute nesting material and enriched piglet mats on sow welfare and piglet survival. Translational Animal Science, 7(1), p.txad076. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad076
  • Nowland, T.L., van Wettere, W.H.E.J. and Plush, K.J., 2019. Allowing sows to farrow unconfined has positive implications for sow and piglet welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 221: 104872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104872
  • Plush, K., McKenny, L., Nowland, T., van Wettere, W. and Terry, R., 2019. Reducing sow stress around farrowing. Report prepared for the Co-operative Research Centre for High Integrity Australian Pork (Pork CRC) project # 1C-114). http://porkcrc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1C-114-Summary.pdf
  • Rioja-Lang, F.C., Seddon, Y.M. and Brown, J.A., 2018. Shoulder lesions in sows: a review of their causes, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Swine Health and Production, 26: 101-107. http://www.aasv.org/shap.html
  • Baxter, E.M., Andersen, I.L. and Edwards, S.A., 2018. Sow welfare in the farrowing crate and alternatives. In Advances in Pig Welfare. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 27-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101012-9.00002-2
  • Muns, R., Malmkvist, J., Larsen, M.L.V., Sørensen, D. and Pedersen, L.J., 2016. High environmental temperature around farrowing induced heat stress in crated sows. Journal of Animal Science, 94: 377-384. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9623
  • Hales, J., Moustsen, V.A., Devreese, A.M., Nielsen, M.B.F. and Hansen, C.F., 2015. Comparable farrowing progress in confined and loose housed hyper-prolific sows. Livestock Science, 171: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.11.009
  • Andersen, I.L., Vasdal, G. and Pedersen, L.J., 2014. Nest building and posture changes and activity budget of gilts housed in pens and crates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 159: 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.07.002
  • Moustsen, V.A., Lahrmann, H.P. and D’Eath, R.B., 2011. Relationship between size and age of modern hyper-prolific crossbred sows. Livestock Science, 141: 272-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.06.008
  • Oliviero, C., Heinonen, M., Valros, A. and Peltoniemi, O., 2010. Environmental and sow-related factors affecting the duration of farrowing. Animal Reproduction Science, 119: 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.12.009
  • Jarvis, S., D’Eath, R.B., Robson, S.K., and Lawrence, A.B., 2006.  The effect of confinement during lactation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and behaviour of primiparous sows.  Physiology and Behaviour, 87: 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.004
  • Jarvis, S., Reed, B.T., Lawrence, A.B., Calvert, S.K. and Stevenson, J., 2004. Peri-natal environmental effects on maternal behaviour, pituitary and adrenal activation, and the progress of parturition in the primiparous sow. Animal Welfare, 13: 171-181.
  • Jarvis, S., Calvert, S.K., Stevenson, J., van Leeuwen, N. and Lawrence, A.B., 2002.  Pituitary-adrenal activation in pre-parturient pigs (Sus scrofa) is associated with behavioural restriction due to lack of space rather than nesting substrate.  Animal Welfare, 11: 371-384.
  • Jarvis, S., van der Vegt, B.J., Lawrence, A.B., McLean, K.A., Deans, L.A., Chirniside, J. and Calvert, S.K., 2001. The effect of parity and environmental restriction on behavioural and physiological responses of pre-parturient pigs.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71: 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00183-0
  • Jarvis, S., Lawrence, A.B., McLean, K.A., Chirnside, J., Deans, L.A. and Calvert, S.K., 1998.  The effect of environment on plasma cortisol and b-endorphin in the parturient pig and the involvement of endogenous opioids.  Animal Reproduction Science, 52: 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(98)00090-6
  • Jarvis, S., Lawrence, A.B., McLean, K.A., Deans, L., Chirnside, J. and Calvert, S.K., 1997. The effect of environment on behavioural activity, ACTH, β-endorphin and cortisol in pre-parturient gilts.  Animal Science, 65: 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800008663
  • Lawrence, A.B., McLean, K.A., Jarvis, S., Gilbert, C.L. and Petherick, J.C., 1997. Stress and parturition in the pig. Reproduction in Domestic Animals (Germany).
  • Cronin, G.M., Smith, J.A., Hodge, F.M. and Hemsworth, P.H., 1994. The behaviour of primiparous sows around farrowing in response to restraint and straw bedding.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 39: 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90162-7
  • Lawrence, A.B., Petherick, J.C., McLean, K.A., Deans, L.A., Chirnside, J., Gaughan, A., Clutton, E. and Terlouw, E.M.C., 1994. The effect of environment on behaviour, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 39: 313-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90165-1
  • Cronin, G.M., Barnett, J.L., Hodge, F.M., Smith, J.A. and McCallum, T.H., 1991.  The welfare of pigs in two farrowing/lactation environments: cortisol responses of sows.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 32: 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80036-X
  • Hansen, K.E. and Curtis, S.E., 1980. Prepartal activity of sows in stall or pen.  Journal of Animal Science, 51: 456-460. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1980.512456x

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System design criteria
  • Madeira Pacheco, V., Brown-Brandl, T.M., Rohrer, G.A., Vieira de Sousa, R. and Silva Martello, L., 2024. Impacts of Farrowing Pen Design, Season, and Sow Parity on Litter Performance and Piglet Mortality. Animals, 14(2): Page 325-. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020325
  • Morello, G.M., Marchant-Forde, J.N., Cronin, G.M., Morrison, R.S. and Rault, J.L., 2019. Higher light intensity and mat temperature attract piglets to creep areas in farrowing pens. animal, 13(8): Pages 1696-1703. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003300
  • Cabezon, F.A., Schinckel, A.P., Smith, A.J., Marchant-Forde, J.N., Johnson, J.S. and Stwalley, R.M., 2017. Initial evaluation of floor cooling on lactating sows under acute heat stress. The Professional Animal Scientist, 33: 254-260. https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01584
  • Larsen, M.L.V., Thodberg, K. and Pedersen, L.J., 2017. Radiant heat increases piglets’ use of the heated creep area on the critical days after birth. Livestock Science, 201: 74-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.008
  • Bøe, K.E., Kvaal, I., Hall, E.J.S. and Cronin, G.M., 2016. Individual differences in dunging patterns in loose-housed lactating sows. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A—Animal Science, 66: 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2017.1335767
  • Perin, J., Gaggini, T.S., Manica, S., Magnabosco, D., Bernardi, M.L., Wentz, I. and Bortolozzo, F.P., 2016. Evaporative snout cooling system on the performance of lactating sows and their litters in a subtropical region. Ciência Rural, 46: 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141693
  • Peltoniemi, O.A.T. and Oliviero, C., 2015. Housing, management and environment during farrowing and early lactation. In Farmer, C. (ed) The gestating and lactating sow. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp 77-84. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-803-2_10
  • Baxter, E.M., Adeleye, O.O., Jack, M.C., Farish, M., Ison, S.H. and Edwards, S.A., 2015. Achieving optimum performance in a loose-housed farrowing system for sows: the effects of space and temperature. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 169: 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.05.004
  • Larsen, M.L.V. and Pedersen, L.J., 2015. Does light attract piglets to the creep area? Animal, 9: 1032-1037. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000257
  • Westin, R., Holmgren, N., Hultgren, J. and Algers, B., 2014. Large quantities of straw at farrowing prevents bruising and increases weight gain in piglets. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 115: 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.04.004
  • Lensink, B.J., Ofner-Schröck, E., Ventorp, M., Zappavigna, P., Flaba, J., Georg, H. and Bizeray-Filoche, D., 2013. Lying and walking surfaces for cattle, pigs and poultry and their impact on health, behaviour and performance. In Livestock housing: Modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 2509-2514. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-771-4_04
  • Pedersen, L.J., Malmkvist, J. and Andersen, H.M.L., 2013. Housing of sows during farrowing: a review on pen design, welfare and productivity. In Livestock housing: Modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 285-297. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-771-4_05
  • Edwards, S.A., Brett, M., Seddon, Y.M., Ross, D., Baxter, E.M., 2012. Evaluation of nest design and nesting substrate options for the PigSAFE free farrowing pen. Proc. British Society of Animal Science, p7.
  • Malmkvist, J., Pedersen, L.J., Kammersgaard, T.S. and Jørgensen, E., 2012. Influence of thermal environment on sows around farrowing and during the lactation period. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 3186-3199. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4342
  • Andersen, H.M.L. and Pedersen, L.J., 2011. The effect of feed trough position on choice of defecation area in farrowing pens by loose sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 131: 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.01.005
  • Baxter, E.M., Lawrence, A.B. and Edwards, S.A., 2011. Alternative farrowing systems: design criteria for farrowing systems based on the biological needs of sows and piglets. Animal, 5: 580-600. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111001224
  • Moustsen, V.A., Lahrmann, H.P. and D’Eath, R.B., 2011. Relationship between size and age of modern hyper-prolific crossbred sows. Livestock Science, 141: 272-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.06.008
  • Pedersen, M.L., Moustsen, V.A., Nielsen, M.B.F. and Kristensen, A.R., 2011. Improved udder access prolongs duration of milk letdown and increases piglet weight gain. Livestock Science, 140: 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.001
  • Damm, B.I., Heiskanen, T., Pedersen, L.J., Jørgensen, E. and Forkman, B., 2010. Sow preferences for farrowing under a cover with and without access to straw. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 126: 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.009
  • Vasdal, G., Glærum, M., Melišová, M., Bøe, K.E., Broom, D.M., and Andersen, I.L., 2010. Increasing the piglets’ use of the creep area – A battle against biology? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 125: 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.04.010
  • Malmkvist, J., Damgaard, B.M., Pedersen, L.J., Jørgensen, E., Thodberg, K., Chaloupková, H. and Bruckmaier, R.M., 2009. Effects of thermal environment on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, oxytocin, and behavioural activity in periparturient sows. Journal of Animal Science, 87: 2796-2805. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1592
  • Zoric, M., Nilsson, E., Lundeheim, N. and Wallgren, P., 2009. Incidence of lameness and abrasions in piglets in identical farrowing pens with four different types of floor. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 51: 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-51-23
  • Moustsen, V. and Jensen, T., 2008. Inventar til forbedring af hygiejne i stier til løsgående farende og diegievende søer. Dansk Svineproduktion, Axeltorv, Denmark.
  • Moustsen, V.A., Pedersen, L.J., Jensen, T., 2007. Afprøvning af stikoncepter til løsgående farende og diegivende søer. Meddelelse 805, Dansk Svineproduktion, Axeltorv, Denmark. pp 1-25.
  • Damm, B.I., Moustsen, V., Jørgensen, E., Pedersen, L.J., Heiskanen, T. and Forkman, B., 2006. Sow preferences for walls to lean against when lying down. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 99: 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.09.014
  • Malmkvist, J., Pedersen, L.J., Damgaard, B.M., Thodberg, K., Jørgensen, E., and Labouriau, R., 2006. Does floor heating around parturition affect the vitality of piglets born to loose housed sows? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 99: 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.10.007
  • Van Wagenberg, A.V., Van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C., Binnendijk, G.P. and Claessen, P.J.P.W., 2006. Effect of floor cooling on farrowing sow and litter performance: field experiment under Dutch conditions. Transactions of the ASABE, 49: 1521-1527. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.22044
  • Moustsen, V.A., and Poulsen, H.L., 2004. Anbefalinger vedr. dimensioner på fareboks og kassesti. Landsudvalget for Svin, Danske Slagterier, Notat nr. 414
  • Herpin, P., Damon, M., and Le Dividich, J., 2002. Development of thermoregulation and neonatal survival in pigs. Livestock Production Science, 78: 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00183-5
  • Rantzer, D. and Svendsen, J., 2001. Slatted versus solid floors in the dung area of farrowing pens: Effects on hygiene and pig performance, birth to weaning. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A-Animal Science, 51:167-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700120126
  • Boyle, L.A., Regan, D., Leonard, F.C., Lynch, P.B. and Brophy, P., 2000. The effect of mats on the welfare of sows and piglets in the farrowing house. Animal Welfare, 9: 39-48.
  • Courboulay, V., le Roux, A., Collin, F., Dutertre, C. and Rousseau, P., 2000. Incidence du type de sol en maternite sue le confort de la truie et des porcelets. Journees de Recherche Porcine en France, 32: 115–122. https://ifip.asso.fr/sites/default/files/pdf-documentations/jrp2000c03courboulay.pdf
  • Quiniou, N. and Noblet, J., 1999. Influence of high ambient temperatures on performance of multiparous lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science, 77: 2124-2134. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7782124x
  • Hartsock, T.G. and Barczewski, R.A., 1997. Prepartum behaviour in swine: effects of pen size.  Journal of Animal Science, 75: 2899-2904. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.75112899x
  • Biensen, N.J., Von Borell, E.H. and Ford, S.P., 1996. Effects of space allocation and temperature on periparturient maternal behaviours, steroid concentrations, and piglet growth rates. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 2641-2648. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74112641x
  • Black, J.L., Mullan, B.P., Lorschy, M.L. and Giles, L.R., 1993. Lactation in the sow during heat stress. Livestock Production Science, 35:153-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(93)90188-N
  • Arey, D.S., Petchey, A.M. and Fowler, V.R., 1992. The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in sows. Animal Science, 54: 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000335610002064X
  • Hunt, K., and Petchey, A.M., 1987. A study of the environmental preferences of sows around farrowing. Farm Building Progress, 89: 11-14.
  • Stansbury, W.F., McGlone, J.J. and Tribble, L.F., 1987. Effects of season, floor type, air temperature and snout coolers on sow and litter performance. Journal of Animal Science, 65: 1507-1513. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1987.6561507x
  • Baxter, M.R. and Schwaller, C.E., 1983. Space requirements for sows in confinement. In: Farm animal housing and welfare (eds. S.H. Baxter, M.R. Baxter and J.A.D. MacCormack), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 181–195. 
  • Petherick, J.C., 1983. A biological basis for the design of space in livestock housing. In: Farm Animal Housing and Welfare. (eds: S.H. Baxter, M.R. Baxter, and J.A.D. MacCormack). Martinus Nijoff Publisher, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp 103–120.
  • Randall, J.M., Armsby, A.W. and Sharp, J.R., 1983. Cooling gradients across pens in a finishing piggery: II. Effects on excretory behaviour. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 28: 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(83)90073-2
  • Mount, L.E., 1968. The climatic physiology of the pig. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
  • Mount, L.E., 1967. The heat loss from new born pigs to the floor. Research in Veterinary Science, 8: 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(18)34633-2
  • Mount, L.E., 1963. Environmental temperature preferred by the young pig. Nature, 199: 1212-1213. https://doi.org/10.1038/1991212a0

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Improving piglet survival reviews
  • Baxter, E.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2024. Piglet mortality and morbidity: Inevitable or unacceptable?. In Advances in Pig Welfare (pp. 185-217). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85676-8.00014-6
  • Baxter, E.M., Schmitt, O. and Pedersen, L.J., 2020. Managing the litter from hyperprolific sows. In The suckling and weaned piglet (pp. 347-356). Wageningen Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-894-0_3
  • Baxter, E.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2018. Piglet mortality and morbidity: Inevitable or unacceptable?. In Spinka, M. (ed.) Advances in Pig Welfare. Woodhead Publishing, UK, p. 73-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101012-9.00003-4
  • Edwards, S.A. and Baxter, E.M., 2015. Piglet mortality: causes and prevention. In Farmer, C. (ed.) The gestating and lactating sow. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, p. 649-653. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-803-2_11
  • Pedersen, L.J., 2015. Neonatal piglet mortality in relation to sow farrowing environment. Proc. International Conference on Pig Welfare: Improving pig welfare – what are the ways forward? Copenhagen. pp. 26-29.
  • Edwards, S.A., 2002. Perinatal mortality in the pig: environmental or physiological solutions? Livestock Production Science, 78: 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00180-X

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Piglet characteristics
  • Parois, S.P., Van Der Zande, L.E., Knol, E.F., Kemp, B., Rodenburg, T.B. and Bolhuis, J.E., 2022. A multi-suckling system combined with an enriched housing environment during the growing period promotes resilience to various challenges in pigs. Scientific Reports, 12(1), p.6804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10745-4
  • Spörri-Vontobel, C., Simmler, M., Wechsler, B. and Scriba, M.F., 2023. Risk factors differ for viable and low viable crushed piglets in free farrowing pens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, p.1172446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1172446
  • Farmer, C. and Edwards, S., 2020. The neonatal pig: developmental influences on vitality. In: Farmer, C. (ed.) The suckling and weaned piglet. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 9-39. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-894-0_1
  • Edwards, S.A., Matheson, S.M. and Baxter, E.M., 2019. Genetic influences on intra-uterine growth retardation of piglet and management interventions for low birth weight piglets. In Nutrition of Hyperprolific Sows.  Libro Novus. pp. 141-166.
  • Feldpausch, J.A., Jourquin, J., Bergstrom, J.R., Bargen, J.L., Bokenkroger, C.D., Davis, D.L., Gonzalez, J.M., Nelssen, J.L., Puls, C.L., Trout, W.E. and Ritter, M.J., 2019. Birth weight threshold for identifying piglets at risk for preweaning mortality. Translational Animal Science, 3: 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz076
  • Matheson, S.M., Walling, G.A., and Edwards, S.A., 2018. Genetic selection against intrauterine growth retardation in piglets: a problem at the piglet level with a solution at the sow level. Genetics Selection Evolution, 50: 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-018-0417-7
  • Amdi, C., Krogh, U., Flummer, C., Oksbjerg, N., Hansen, C.F. and Theil, P.K., 2013. Intrauterine growth restricted piglets defined by their head shape ingest insufficient amounts of colostrum. Journal of Animal Science, 91: 5605-5613. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6824
  • Hales, J., Moustsen, V.A., Nielsen, M.B.F. and Hansen, C.F., 2013. Individual physical characteristics of neonatal piglets affect pre-weaning survival of piglets born in a non-crated system. Journal of Animal Science, 91: 4991–5003. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5740
  • Pedersen, L.J., Berg, P., Jørgensen, G. and Andersen, I.L., 2011. Neonatal piglet traits of importance for survival in crates and indoor pens. Journal of Animal Science, 89: 1207-1218. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3248
  • Baxter, E.M., Jarvis, S., Sherwood, L., Robson, S.K., Ormandy, E., Farish, M., Smurthwaite, K.M., Roehe, R., Lawrence, A.B. and Edwards, S.A., 2009. Indicators of piglet survival in an outdoor farrowing system. Livestock science, 124: 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.008
  • Baxter, E.M., Jarvis, S., D’eath, R.B., Ross, D.W., Robson, S.K., Farish, M., Nevison, I.M., Lawrence, A.B. and Edwards, S.A., 2008. Investigating the behavioural and physiological indicators of neonatal survival in pigs. Theriogenology, 69: 773-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.12.007
  • Pedersen, L.J., Jørgensen, E., Heiskanen, T. and Damm, B.I., 2006. Early piglet mortality in loose-housed sows related to sow and piglet behaviour and to the progress of parturition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96: 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.016
  • Tuchscherer, M., Puppe, B., Tuchscherer, A. and Tiemann, U., 2000. Early identification of neonates at risk: traits of newborn piglets with respect to survival. Theriogenology, 54: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00355-1

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Sow characteristics
  • Schild, S.A., Foldager, L., Rangstrup-Christensen, L. and Pedersen, L.J., 2020. Characteristics of piglets born by two highly prolific sow hybrids. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7: 355. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00355
  • De Meyer, D., Amalraj, A., Van Limbergen, T., Fockedey, M., Edwards, S.A., Moustsen, V.A., Chantziaras, I. and Maes, D., 2020. Short Communication: effect of positive handling of sows on litter performance and pre-weaning piglet mortality. Animal, 14: 1733-1739. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731120000427
  • Kecman, J., Neu, J., Göres, N., Rosner, F., Voss, B., Kemper, N. and Swalve, H.H., 2019. Genetic parameters for traits derived from behavioural tests for lactating sows. In: Book of abstracts of the 70th annual meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP): Ghent, Belgium, 26.-30.08.2019. S. 422. https://elib.tiho-hannover.de/receive/tiho_mods_00002305
  • Pfeiffer, C., Fuerst-Waltl, B., Schodl, K. and Knapp. P., 2019. Genetic analysis of feet and leg conformation and proportion of crushed piglets in Austrian large white and landrace sows. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 67: 1213–1219. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967051213
  • King R L., Baxter, E.M., Matheson, S.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2018. Sow free farrowing behaviour: Experiential, seasonal and individual variation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 208: 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.08.006
  • Matheson, S.M., Walling, G.A. and Edwards, S.A., 2018. Genetic selection against intrauterine growth retardation in piglets: a problem at the piglet level with a solution at the sow level. Genetics Selection Evolution, 50: 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-018-0417-7
  • Rangstrup-Christensen, L., Krogh, M.A., Pedersen, L.J. and Sørensen, J.T., 2018. Sow level risk factors for early piglet mortality and crushing in organic outdoor production. Animal, 12: 810-818. 
  • Turner, S.P., Camerlink, I., Baxter, E.M., D’Eath, R.B., Desire, S. and Roehe, R., 2018. Breeding for pig welfare: Opportunities and challenges. In Advances in Pig Welfare (pp. 399-414). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101012-9.00012-5
  • Ocepek, M. and Andersen, I.L., 2017. What makes a good mother? Maternal behavioural traits important for piglet survival. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 193: 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.010
  • Rangstrup-Christensen, L., Krogh, M.A., Pedersen, L.J. and Sørensen, J.T., 2017. Sow-level risk factors for stillbirth of piglets in organic sow herds. Animal, 11: 1078-1083. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116002408
  • Balzani, A., Cordell, H.J. and Edwards, S.A., 2016. Relationship of sow udder morphology with piglet suckling behaviour and teat access. Theriogenology, 86: 1913-1920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.007
  • Balzani, A., Cordell, H.J., Sutcliffe, E. and Edwards, S.A., 2016. Heritability of udder morphology and colostrum quality traits in swine. Journal of Animal Science, 94: 3636-3644. 
  • Ocepek, M., Andersen-Ranberg, I., Edwards, S.A., Fredriksen, B., Framstad, T. and Andersen, I.L., 2016. Can a super sow be a robust sow? Consequences of litter investment in purebred and crossbred sows of different parities. Journal of Animal Science, 94: 3550-3560. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0386
  • Stratz, P., Just, A., Faber, H. and Bennewitz, J., 2016. Genetic analyses of mothering ability in sows using field-recorded observations. Livestock Science, 191: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.06.014
  • Baxter, E.M., Rutherford, K.M.D., d’Eath, R.B., Arnott, G., Turner, S.P., Sandøe, P., Moustsen, V.A., Thorup, F., Edwards, S.A. and Lawrence, A.B., 2013. The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig II: management factors. Animal Welfare, 22: 219-238. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.2.219
  • Nielsen, B., Su, G., Lund, M.S. and Madsen, P., 2013. Selection for increased number of piglets at d 5 after farrowing has increased litter size and reduced piglet mortality. Journal of Animal Science, 91: 2575-2582. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5990
  • Rutherford, K.M.D., Baxter, E.M., D’eath, R.B., Turner, S.P., Arnott, G., Roehe, R., Ask, B., Sandøe, P., Moustsen, V.A., Thorup, F. and Edwards, S.A., 2013. The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig I: biological factors. Animal Welfare, 22: 199-218. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.2.199
  • Baxter, E.M., Jarvis, S., Sherwood, L., Farish, M., Roehe, R., Lawrence, A.B. and Edwards, S.A., 2011. Genetic and environmental effects on piglet survival and maternal behaviour of the farrowing sow. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 130: 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.020
  • Roehe, R., Shrestha, N.P., Mekkawy, W., Baxter, E.M., Knap, P.W., Smurthwaite, K.M., Jarvis, S., Lawrence, A.B. and Edwards, S.A., 2010. Genetic parameters of piglet survival and birth weight from a two-generation crossbreeding experiment under outdoor conditions designed to disentangle direct and maternal effects. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 1276-1285. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2287
  • Gäde, S., Bennewitz, J., Kirchner, K., Looft, H., Knap, P. W., Thaller, G. and Kalm, E., 2008. Genetic parameters for maternal behaviour traits in sows. Livestock Science, 114: 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.006
  • Hellbrügge, B., Tölle, K. H., Bennewitz, J., Henze, C., Presuhn, U. and Krieter, J., 2008. Genetic aspects regarding piglet losses and the maternal behaviour of sows, Part 2. Genetic relationship between maternal behaviour in sows and piglet mortality. Animal, 2: 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731108002516
  • Quesnel, H., Brossard, L., Valancogne, A., and Quiniou, N., 2008. Influence of some sow characteristics on within‐litter variation of piglet birth weight. Animal, 2: 1842–1849. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173110800308X
  • Pedersen, L.J., Jørgensen, E., Heiskanen, T. and Damm, B.I., 2006. Early piglet mortality in loose-housed sows related to sow and piglet behaviour and to the progress of parturition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96: 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.016
  • Andersen, I.L., Berg, S. and Bøe, K.E., 2005. Crushing of piglets by the mother sow (Sus scrofa)—purely accidental or a poor mother? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 93: 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.015
  • Vangen, O., Holm, B., Valros , A., Lund, M.S. and Rydhmer, L., 2005. Genetic variation in sows’ maternal behaviour, recorded under field conditions. Livestock Production Science, 93: 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.007
  • Grandinson, K., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E. and Thodberg, K., 2003. Genetic analysis of on-farm tests of maternal behaviour in sows. Livestock Production Science, 83: 141 – 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00095-2
  • Grandinson, K., Lund, M.S., Rydhmer, L. and Strandberg, E., 2002. Genetic parameters for the piglet mortality traits crushing, stillbirth and total mortality, and their relation to birth weight. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A – Animal Science, 52: 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/090647002762381041

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Sow nutrition
  • Dumniem, N., Boonprakob, R., Panvichitra, C., Thongmark, S., Laohanarathip, N., Parnitvoraphoom, T., Changduangjit, S., Boonmakaew, T., Teshanukroh, N. and Tummaruk, P., 2024. Impacts of Fiber Supplementation in Sows during the Transition Period on Constipation, Farrowing Duration, Colostrum Production, and Pre-Weaning Piglet Mortality in the Free-Farrowing System. Animals, 14(6): Page 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060854
  • Do, S., Jang, J.C., Lee, G.I. and Kim, Y.Y., 2023. The role of dietary fiber in improving pig welfare. Animals, 13(5): Page 879. 10.3390/ani13050879
  • Blavi, L., Solà-Oriol, D., Llonch, P., López-Vergé, S., Martín-Orúe, S.M. and Pérez, J.F., 2021. Management and feeding strategies in early life to increase piglet performance and welfare around weaning: A review. Animals, 11(2): Pages 302-. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020302
  • Gourley, K.M.,  Swanson, A.J., DeRouchey, J.M., Tokach, M.D., Dritz, S.S., Goodband, R.D. and Woodworth, J.C., 2020. Effects of increased lysine and energy feeding duration prior to parturition on sow and litter performance, piglet survival, and colostrum quality. Journal of Animal Science, 98:  skaa105. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa105
  • Gourley, K.M.,  Swanson, A.J., Royall, R.Q.,  DeRouchey, J.M., Tokach, M.D., Dritz, S.S., Goodband, R.D. Hastad, C.W. and Woodworth, J.C., 2020. Effects of timing and size of meals prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance, Translational Animal Science, 4: 724–736. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa066
  • Edwards, L.E., Plush, K.J., Ralph, C.R., Morrison, R.S., Acharya, R.Y. and Doyle, R.E., 2019. Enrichment with lucerne hay improves sow maternal behaviour and improves piglet survival. Animals, 9: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080558
  • Gourley, K.M.,  Swanson, A.J., Woodworth, J.C.,  DeRouchey, J.M., Tokach, M.D., Dritz, S.S., Goodband, R.D. and Frederick, B., 2019. 183 Effects of increasing duration of feeding high dietary lysine and energy prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions. Journal of Animal Science, 97 Supplement 2: 103–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.183
  • Pedersen, T.F., Van Vliet, S., Bruun, T.S. and Theil, P.K., 2019. Feeding sows during the transition period—is a gestation diet, a simple transition diet, or a lactation diet the best choice? Translational Animal Science, 4: 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz155
  • Peng, X., Yan, C., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Xu, Q., Wang, R., Qin, L., Wu, C., Fang, Z., Lin, Y. and Xu, S., 2019. Effects of fat supplementation during gestation on reproductive performance, milk composition of sows and intestinal development of their offspring. Animals, 9: 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040125
  • Feyera, T., Pedersen, T.F., Krogh, U., Foldager, L. and Theil, P.K., 2018. Impact of sow energy status during farrowing on farrowing kinetics, frequency of stillborn piglets, and farrowing assistance. Journal of Animal Science, 96: 2320-2331. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky141
  • Bontempo, V. and Jiang, X.R., 2015. Feeding various fat levels in sows: effects on immune status and performance of sows and piglets, in Farmer, C. (ed.) The gestating and lactating sow. Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 357–375. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-803-2_16
  • De Vos, M., Che, L., Huygelen, V., Willemen, S., Michiels, J., Van Cruchten, S. and Van Ginneken, C., 2014. Nutritional interventions to prevent and rear low‐birthweight piglets. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 98(4): Pages 609-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12133
  • Theil, P.K., Lauridsen, C. and Quesnel, H., 2014. Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk. Animal, 8: 1021-1030. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000950
  • Amdi, C., Hansen, C.F., Krogh, U., Oksbjerg, N., and Theil, P.K., 2013. Less brain sparing occurs in severe intrauterine growth-restricted piglets born to sows fed palm fatty acid distillate. In: Manipulating Pig Production XIV. APSA Biennial Conference, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 24th to 27th November, p125.
  • Loisel, F., Farmer, C., Ramaekers, P. and Quesnel, H., 2013. Effects of high fiber intake during late pregnancy on sow physiology, colostrum production, and piglet performance. Journal of Animal Science, 91: 5269-5279. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6526
  • Campos, P.H.R.F., Silva, B.A.N., Donzele, J.L., Oliveira, R.F.M. and Knol, E.F., 2012. Effects of sow nutrition during gestation on within-litter birth weight variation: a review. Animal, 6: 797-806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111002242
  • Wu, G., Bazer, F.W., Burghardt, R.C., Johnson, G.A., Kim, S.W., Li, X.L., Satterfield, M.C. and Spencer, T.E., 2010. Impacts of amino acid nutrition on pregnancy outcome in pigs: mechanisms and implications for swine production. Journal of animal science, 88: E195-E204. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2446
  • Van den Brand, H., Van Enckevort, L.C.M., Van der Hoeven, E.M. and Kemp, B., 2009. Effects of dextrose plus lactose in the sows diet on subsequent reproductive performance and within litter birth weight variation. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44: 884-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01106.x
  • Rooke, J.A., Sinclair, A.G., Edwards, S.A., Cordoba, R., Pkiyach, S., Penny, P.C., Penny, P., Finch, A.M., and Horgan, G.W., 2001. The effect of feeding salmon oil to sows throughout pregnancy on pre-weaning mortality of piglets. Animal Science, 73: 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135772980005846X

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Colostrum availability and intake
  • Quesnel, H. and Farmer, C., 2019. Nutritional and endocrine control of colostrogenesis in swine. Animal, 13(S1): Pages 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003555
  • Hasan, S., Orro, T., Valros, A., Junnikkala, S., Peltoniemi, O. and Oliviero, C., 2019. Factors affecting sow colostrum yield and composition, and their impact on piglet growth and health. Livestock Science, 227: 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.07.004
  • Swanson, A.J., Gourley, K.M., Jones, C.K., DeRouchey, J.M., Tokach, M.D., Dritz, S.S., Goodband, R.D. and Frederick, B., 2019. 361 Increasing duration of feeding high dietary lysine and energy before farrowing on colostrum quality and yield in mixed parity sows. Journal of Animal Science, 97 Supplement 2: 150–151. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.266
  • Declerck, I., Sarrazin, S., Dewulf, J. and Maes, D., 2017. Sow and piglet factors determining variation of colostrum intake between and within litters. Animal, 11: 1336-1343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117000131
  • Declerck, I., Dewulf, J., Piepers, S., Decaluwé, R. and Maes, D., 2015. Sow and litter factors influencing colostrum yield and nutritional composition. Journal of Animal Science, 93: 1309-1317. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8282
  • Krogh, U., Bruun, t.S., Amdi, C., Flummer, C., Poulsen, J. and Theil, P. K., 2015. Colostrum production in sows fed different sources of fiber and fat during late gestation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 95: 211–223. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-060
  • Muns, R., Manteca, X. and Gasa, J., 2015. Effect of different management techniques to enhance colostrum intake on piglets’ growth and mortality. Animal Welfare, 24: 185-192. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.2.185
  • Vadmand, C.N., Krogh, U., Hansen, C.F. Theil, P.K., 2015. Impact of sow and litter characteristics on colostrum yield, time for onset of lactation, and milk yield of sows. Journal of Animal Science, 93: 2488–2500. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8659
  • Decaluwé, R., Maes, D., Wuyts, B., Cools, A., Piepers, S. and Janssens, G.P.J., 2014. Piglets׳ colostrum intake associates with daily weight gain and survival until weaning. Livestock Science, 162: 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.024
  • Decaluwé, R., Maes, D., Declerck, I., Cools, A., Wuyts, B., De Smet, S. and Janssens, G.P.J., 2013. Changes in back fat thickness during late gestation predict colostrum yield in sows. Animal, 7: 1999-2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001791
  • Loisel, F., Farmer, C., Ramaekers, P. and Quesnel, H., 2013. Effects of high fiber intake during late pregnancy on sow physiology, colostrum production, and piglet performance. Journal of Animal Science, 91: 5269-5279. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6526
  • Quesnel, H., Farmer, C. and Devillers, N., 2012. Colostrum intake: Influence on piglet performance and factors of variation. Livestock Science, 146: 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.03.010
  • Devillers, N., Le Dividich, J. and Prunier, A., 2011. Influence of colostrum intake on piglet survival and immunity. Animal, 5: 1605-1612. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111100067X
  • Le Dividich, J., Rooke, J.A. and Herpin, P., 2005. Nutritional and immunological importance of colostrum for the new-born pig. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 143: 469-485. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005642

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Management of farrowing
  • Skovbo, D.K.F., Hales, J., Kristensen, A.R. and Moustsen, V.A., 2022. Comparison of management strategies for confinement of sows around farrowing in Sow Welfare And Piglet protection pens. Livestock Science, 263, p.105026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105026
  • Vargovic, L., Athorn, R.Z., Hermesch, S. and Bunter, K.L., 2022. Improving sow welfare and outcomes in the farrowing house by identifying early indicators from pre-farrowing assessment. Journal of Animal Science, 100(11), p.skac294. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac294
  • Langendijk, P. and Plush, K., 2019. Parturition and its relationship with stillbirths and asphyxiated piglets. Animals, 9: 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110885
  • Mainau, E., Temple, D. and Manteca, X., 2016. Experimental study on the effect of oral meloxicam administration in sows on pre-weaning mortality and growth and immunoglobulin G transfer to piglets. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 126: 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.032
  • Homedes, J., Salichs, M., Sabaté, D., Sust, M., Fabre, R., 2014. Effect of ketoprofen on pre-weaning piglet mortality on commercial farms. The Veterinary Journal, 201: 435–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.038
  • Kirkden, R.D., Broom, D.M. and Andersen, I.L., 2013. Piglet mortality: The impact of induction of farrowing using prostaglandins and oxytocin. Animal Reproduction Science, 38: 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.009
  • Baxter, E.M., Rutherford, K.M.D., D’eath, R.B., Arnott, G., Turner, S.P., Sandøe, P., Moustsen, V.A., Thorup, F., Edwards, S.A. and Lawrence, A.B., 2013. The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig II: management factors. Animal Welfare, 22(2): Pages 219-238. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.2.219
  • Mainau, E., Ruiz-de-la-Torre, J.L., Dalmau, A., Salleras, J.M., Manteca, X., 2012. Effects of meloxicam (Metacam®) on post-farrowing sow behaviour and piglet performance. Animal, 6: 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111001790
  • Oliviero, C., Heinonen, M., Valros, A. and Peltoniemi, O., 2010. Environmental and sow-related factors affecting the duration of farrowing. Animal Reproduction Science, 119: 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.12.009
  • Pedersen, L.J. and Jensen, T., 2008. The effect of late introduction to the farrowing environment (crates and pens) on the progress of parturition and maternal behaviour. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 2730-2737. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0749
  • Mota-Rojas, D., Martínez-Burnes, J., Trujillo, M.E., López, A., Rosales, A.M., Ramírez, R., Orozco, H., Merino, A. and Alonso-Spilsbury, M., 2005. Uterine and fetal asphyxia monitoring in parturient sows treated with oxytocin. Animal Reproduction Science, 86: 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.06.004
  • Mota-Rojas, D., Rosales, A.M., Trujillo, M.E., Orozco, H., Ramirez, R. and Alonso-Spilsbury, M., 2005. The effects of vetrabutin chlorhydrate and oxytocin on stillbirth rate and asphyxia in swine. Theriogenology, 64: 1889-1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.12.018
  • Alonso-Spilsbury, M., Mota-Rojas, D., Martı́nez-Burnes, J., Arch, E., Mayagoitia, A.L., Ramı́rez-Necoechea, R., Olmos, A. and Trujillo, M.E., 2004. Use of oxytocin in penned sows and its effect on fetal intra-partum asphyxia. Animal Reproduction Science, 84: 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.11.002
  • Mota-Rojas, D., Martínez-Burnes, J., Trujillo-Ortega, M.E., Alonso-Spilsbury, M.L., Ramírez-Necoechea, R. and López, A., 2002. Effect of oxytocin treatment in sows on umbilical cord morphology, meconium staining, and neonatal mortality of piglets. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63:1571-1574. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1571

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Neonatal management procedures
  • Peltoniemi, O., Yun, J., Björkman, S. and Han, T., 2021. Coping with large litters: the management of neonatal piglets and sow reproduction. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 63(1): Page 1-. doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e3
  • Blavi, L., Solà-Oriol, D., Llonch, P., López-Vergé, S., Martín-Orúe, S.M. and Pérez, J.F., 2021. Management and feeding strategies in early life to increase piglet performance and welfare around weaning: A review. Animals, 11(2): Pages 302-. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020302
  • Kirkwood, R.N., Langendijk, P. and Carr, J., 2021. Management strategies for improving survival of piglets from hyperprolific sows. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 51(4): Pages 629-636. doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.3160
  • Kobek-Kjeldager, C., Moustsen, V.A., Theil, P.K. and Pedersen, L.J., 2020. Effect of litter size, milk replacer and housing on production results of hyper-prolific sows. Animal, 14: 824-833. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111900260X
  • Edwards, S.A., Matheson, S.M. and Baxter, E.M., 2019. Genetic influences on intra-uterine growth retardation of piglet and management interventions for low birth weight piglets. In Nutrition of Hyperprolific Sows. Libro Novus. pp. 141-166.
  • Engelsmann, M.N., Hansen, C.F., Nielsen, M.N., Kristensen, A.R. and Amdi, C., 2019. Glucose injections at birth, warmth and placing at a nurse sow improve the growth of IUGR piglets. Animals, 9: 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080519
  • Schmitt, O., Baxter, E.M., Lawlor, P.G., Boyle, L.A. and O’Driscoll, K., 2019. A single dose of fat-based energy supplement to light birth weight pigs shortly after birth does not increase their survival and growth. Animals, 9: 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050227
  • Amdi, C., Jensen, L.L., Oksbjerg, N. and Hansen, C.F., 2017. Supplementing newborn intrauterine growth restricted piglets with a bolus of porcine colostrum raises rectal temperatures one degree Celsius. Journal of Animal Science, 95: 2968-2976. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2017.1482
  • Moreira, L.P., Menegat, M.B., Barros, G.P., Bernardi, M.L., Wentz, I. and Bortolozzo, F.P., 2017. Effects of colostrum, and protein and energy supplementation on survival and performance of low-birth-weight piglets. Livestock Science, 202 : 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.006
  • Muns, R., Nuntapaitoon, M. and Tummaruk, P., 2017. Effect of oral supplementation with different energy boosters in newborn piglets on pre-weaning mortality, growth and serological levels of IGF-I and IgG. Journal of Animal Science, 95: 353-360. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.0958
  • Rosvold, E.M., Kielland, C., Ocepek, M., Framstad, T., Fredriksen, B., Andersen-Ranberg, I., Næss, G. and Andersen, I.L., 2017. Management routines influencing piglet survival in loose-housed sow herds. Livestock Science, 196: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.001
  • Andersen, H.L. and Pedersen, L.J., 2016. Effect of radiant heat at the birth site in farrowing crates on hypothermia and behaviour in neonatal piglets. Animal, 10: 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115001913
  • Declerck, I., Dewulf, J., Decaluwé, R. and Maes, D., 2016. Effects of energy supplementation to neonatal (very) low birth weight piglets on mortality, weaning weight, daily weight gain and colostrum intake. Livestock Science, 183: 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.015
  • Pedersen, L.J., Larsen, M.L.V., and Malmkvist, J., 2016. The ability of different thermal aids to reduce hypothermia in neonatal piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 94: 2151-2159. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-0219
  • Douglas, S.L., Edwards, S.A. and Kyriazakis, I., 2014. Management strategies to improve the performance of low birth weight pigs to weaning and their long term consequences. Journal of Animal Science, 92: 2280-2288. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7388
  • Muns, R., Silva, C., Manteca, X. and Gasa, J., 2014. Effect of cross-fostering and oral supplementation with colostrums on performance of newborn piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 92: 1193-1199. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6858
  • Miller, Y., Collins, A., Smits, R., Thomson, P. and Holyoake, P., 2012. Providing supplemental milk to piglets pre-weaning improves the growth but not survival of gilt progeny compared with sow progeny. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 5078-5085. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4272
  • Baxter, E.M., Rutherford, K.M.D., D’eath, R.B., Arnott, G., Turner, S.P., Sandøe, P., Moustsen, V.A., Thorup, F., Edwards, S.A. and Lawrence, A.B., 2013. The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig II: management factors. Animal Welfare, 22(2): Pages 219-238. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.2.219
  • Vasdal, G., Østensen, I., Melišová, M., Bozděchová, B., Illmann, G. and Andersen, I.L., 2011. Management routines at the time of farrowing—effects on teat success and postnatal piglet mortality from loose housed sows. Livestock Science, 136: 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.012
  • Andersen, I.L., Haukvik, I.A. and Bøe, K.E., 2009. Drying and warming immediately after birth may reduce piglet mortality in loose-housed sows. Animal, 3: 592-597. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731108003650
  • Casellas, J., Casas, X., Piedrafita, J. and Manteca, X., 2005. Effect of medium-and long-chain triglyceride supplementation on small newborn-pig survival. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 67: 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.10.007
  • Wolter, B., Ellis, M., Corrigan, B. and DeDecker, J., 2002. The effect of birth weight and feeding of supplemental milk replacer to piglets during lactation on preweaning and postweaning growth performance and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 301-308. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.802301x
  • Donovan, T.S. and Dritz, S.S., 2000 Effect of split nursing on variation in pig growth from birth to weaning. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217: 79-81. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.79
  • Dunshea, F.R., Kerton, D.J., Eason, P.J. and King, R.H., 1999. Supplemental skim milk before and after weaning improves growth performance of pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50: 1165-1170. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR98180
  • Dunshea, F.R., Boyce, J.M. and King, R.H., 1998. Effect of supplemental nutrients on the growth performance of sucking pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 49: 883-888. https://doi.org/10.1071/A97147
  • Christison, G.I., Wenger, I.I. and Follensbee, M.E., 1997. Teat seeking success of newborn piglets after drying or warming. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 77: 317-319. https://doi.org/10.4141/A96-119
  • Azain, M.J., Tomkins, T., Sowinski, J.S., Arentson, R.A. and Jewell, D.E., 1996. Effect of supplemental pig milk replacer on litter performance: Seasonal variation in response. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 2195-2202. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.7492195x
  • White, K.R., Anderson, D.M. and Bate, L.A., 1996. Increasing piglet survival through an improved farrowing management protocol. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 76: 491-495. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-075
  • Lepine, A.J., Boyd, R.D., Welch, J.A., and Roneker, K.R., 1989. Effect of colostrum or medium-chain triglyceride supplementation on the pattern of plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and survival of neonatal pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 67: 983–990. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1989.674983x
  • Kyriazakis, I. and Edwards, S.A., 1986. The effects of split suckling on behaviour and performance of piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 16: 92.

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Fostering and nurse sows
  • Osotsi, J.M., Novotni-Danko, G. and Balogh, P., 2024. The nurse sow system‒A natural process of handling large litters: A review. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 69(3): Pages 89-101. doi: 10.17221/158/2023-CJAS.
  • Bruun, T.S., Pedersen, T.F., Thorup, F. and Strathe, A.V., 2023. Selecting the optimal strategies when using nurse sows for supernumerous piglets. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 90(7): Pages 546-560. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.23688
  • Vande Pol, K.D., Bautista, R.O., Olivo, A., Harper, H., Shull, C.M., Brown, C.B. and Ellis, M., 2021. Effect of rearing cross-fostered piglets in litters of differing size relative to sow functional teat number on preweaning growth and mortality. Translational Animal Science, 5(4), p.txab193. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab193
  • Pokorná, K., Čítek, J., Zadinová, K., Okrouhlá, M., Lebedová, N., Komosný, M. and Stupka, R., 2020. Influence of the use of nurse sows on their lifetime performance. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 65, 2020 (03): Pages 97–103. https://doi.org/10.17221/12/2020-CJAS
  • King, R.L., Matheson, S.M., Baxter, E.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2020. Sow behaviour and piglet weight gain after late cross-fostering in farrowing crates and pens. Animal, 14: 1923-1933. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731120000580
  • Huting, A.M., Sakkas, P. and Kyriazakis, I., 2019. Sows in mid parity are best foster mothers for the pre-and post-weaning performance of both light and heavy piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 97(4): Pages 1656-1670. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz062
  • Schmitt, O., Baxter, E.M., Boyle, L.A. and O’Driscoll, K., 2019. Nurse sow strategies in the domestic pig: I. Consequences for selected measures of sow welfare. Animal, 13: 580-589. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111800160X
  • Schmitt, O., Baxter, E.M., Boyle, L.A. and O’Driscoll, K., 2019. Nurse sow strategies in the domestic pig: II. Consequences for piglet growth, suckling behaviour and sow nursing behaviour. Animal, 13: 590-599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001702
  • Alexopoulos, J.G., Lines, D.S., Hallett, S. and Plush, K.J., 2018. A review of success factors for piglet fostering in lactation. Animals, 8: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8030038
  • Amdi, C., Moustsen, V.A., Oxholm, L.C., Baxter, E.M., Sørensen, G., Eriksson, K.B., Diness, L.H., Nielsen, M.F. and Hansen, C.F., 2017. Comparable cortisol, heart rate and milk let-down in nurse sows and non-nurse sows. Livestock Science, 198: 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.024
  • Sørensen, J.T., Rousing, T., Kudahl, A.B., Hansted, H.J. and Pedersen, L.J., 2016. Do nurse sows and foster litters have impaired animal welfare? Results from a cross-sectional study in sow herds. Animal, 10: 681-686. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115002104
  • Muns, R., Silva, C., Manteca, X. and Gasa, J., 2014. Effect of cross-fostering and oral supplementation with colostrums on performance of newborn piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 92: 1193-1199. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6858
  • Robert, S. and Martineau, G.P., 2001 Effects of repeated crossfosterings on preweaning behavior and growth performance of piglets and on maternal behavior of sows. Journal of Animal Science, 79: 88-93. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.79188x
  • Straw, B.E., Dewey, C.E. and Bürgi, E.J., 1998. Patterns of crossfostering and piglet mortality on commercial US and Canadian swine farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 33: 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(97)00051-2
  • Price, E.O., Hutson, G.D., Price, M.I. and Borgwardt, R., 1994. Fostering in swine as affected by age of offspring. Journal of Animal Science, 72: 1697-1701. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.7271697x
  • Neal, S.M., and Irvin, K.H., 1991. The effects of cross-fostering pigs on survival and growth. Journal of Animal Science, 69: 41–6. https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.69141x
  • Horrell, I. and Bennett, J., 1981. Disruption of teat preferences and retardation of growth following cross-fostering of 1-week-old pigs. Animal Production, 33: 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100025253

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Nest-building research
  • Plush, K.J., Nowland, T.L. and Barekatain, R., 2022. Disentangling the behavioural and fibre influences of nesting enrichment for sows on piglet survival. Animal Production Science, 62(11): Pages 957-966. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN21546
  • Rosvold, E.M. and Andersen, I.L., 2019. Straw vs. peat as nest-building material–The impact on farrowing duration and piglet mortality in loose-housed sows. Livestock Science, 229: Pages 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.014
  • Rosvold, E.M., Newberry, R.C. and Andersen, I.L., 2019. Early mother-young interactions in domestic sows – Nest-building material increases maternal investment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 219: 104837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104837
  • Bolhuis, J.E., Raats-van den Boogaard, A.M.E., Hoofs, A.I.J. and Soede, N.M., 2018. Effects of loose housing and the provision of alternative nesting material on peri-partum sow behaviour and piglet survival. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 202: 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.004
  • Rosvold, E.M., Newberry, R.C., Framstad, T. and Andersen, I.L., 2018. Nest-building behaviour and activity budgets of sows provided with different materials. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 200: 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.12.003
  • Swan, K.M., Peltoniemi, O.A.T., Munsterhjelm, C. and Valros, A., 2018. Comparison of nest-building materials in farrowing crates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 203: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.02.008
  • Hansen, C.F., Hales, J., Weber, P.M., Edwards, S.A. and Moustsen, V.A., 2017. Confinement of sows 24 h before expected farrowing affects the performance of nest building behaviours but not progress of parturition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 188: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.003
  • Yun, J. and Valros, A., 2015. Benefits of prepartum nest-building behaviour on parturition and lactation in sows—a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28:1519. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0174
  • Yun, J., Swan, K.M., Oliviero, C., Peltoniemi, O. and Valros, A., 2015. Effects of pre-partum housing environment on abnormal behaviour, the farrowing process, and interactions with circulating oxytocin in sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 162: 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.006
  • Yun, J., Swan, K.M., Farmer, C., Oliviero, C., Peltoniemi, O. and Valros, A., 2014. Prepartum nest-building has an impact on post-partum nursing performance and maternal behaviour in early lactating sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 160: 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.08.011
  • Yun, J., Swan, K.M., Vienola, K., Kim, Y.Y., Oliviero, C., Peltoniemi, O.A.T. and Valros, A., 2014. Farrowing environment has an impact on sow metabolic status and piglet colostrum intake in early lactation. Livestock Science, 163:120-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.014
  • Wischner, D., Kemper, N. and Krieter, J., 2009. Nest-building behaviour in sows and consequences for pig husbandry. Livestock Science, 124: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.015
  • Algers, B. and Uvnäs-Moberg, K., 2007. Maternal behavior in pigs. Hormones and Behavior, 52: 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.03.022
  • Damm, B.I., Vestergaard, K.S., Schroder-Petersen, D.L., Ladewig, J., 2000. The effect of branches on prepartum nest building in gilts with access to straw.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 69: 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00122-2
  • Thodberg, K., Jensen, K.H., Herskin, M.S., Jorgensen, E., 1999. Influence of environmental stimuli on nest building and farrowing behaviour in domestic sows.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 63: 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00002-7
  • Cronin, G.M., Smith, J.A., Hodge, F.M., Hemsworth, P.H., 1994. The behaviour of primiparous sows around farrowing in response to restraint and straw bedding.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 39: 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90162-7
  • Jensen, P., 1993. Nest building in domestic sows: the role of external stimuli. Animal behaviour, 45: 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1040
  • Zanella, A. J. and Zanella, E. L., 1993. Nesting material used by free-range sows in Brazil. In Proceedings of the 3rd Joint Meeting of the International Congress on Applied Ethology (ed. M Nichelmann, HK Wierenga and S Braun) p. 411.
  • Arey, D.S., 1992. Straw and food as reinforcers for prepartal sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 33: 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80009-7
  • Widowski, T.M. and Curtis, S.E., 1990. The influence of straw, cloth tassel, or both on the prepartum behaviour of sows.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 27: 53-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90007-Z
  • Jensen, P., 1986. Observations on the maternal behaviour of free-ranging domestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 16: 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(86)90105-X

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Alternative system trials
  • Dumniem, N., Boonprakob, R., Parsons, T.D. and Tummaruk, P., 2023. Pen versus crate: a comparative study on the effects of different farrowing systems on farrowing performance, colostrum yield and piglet preweaning mortality in sows under tropical conditions. Animals, 13(2): Page 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020233
  • Kinane, O., Butler, F. and O’Driscoll, K., 2022. Freedom to move: Free lactation pens improve sow welfare. Animals, 12(14): Page 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12141762
  • Weber, R., Burla, J-B., Jossen, M. and Wechsler, B., 2020. Piglet losses in free-farrowing pens: influence of litter size. Agrarforschung Schweiz, 11: 53-58. https://doi.org/10.34776/afs11-53e
  • Ceballos, M.C., Góis, K.C.R. and Parsons, T.D., 2020. The opening of a hinged farrowing crate improves lactating sows’ welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 230: 105068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105068
  • Glencorse, D., Plush, K., Hazel, S., D’Souza, D. and Hebart, M., 2019. Impact of non-confinement accommodation on farrowing performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of farrowing crates versus pens. Animals, 9: 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110957
  • King, R.L., Baxter, E.M., Matheson, S.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2019. Consistency is key: interactions of current and previous farrowing system on litter size and piglet mortality. Animal, 13: 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118000927
  • King, R.L., Baxter, E.M., Matheson, S.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2019. Temporary crate opening procedure affects immediate post-opening piglet mortality and sow behaviour. Animal, 13: 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118000915
  • Verdon, M., Morrison, R.S. and Rault, J.L., 2019. Sow and piglet behaviour in group lactation housing from 7 or 14 days post-partum. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 214: 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.03.001
  • Verdon, M., Morrison, R.S. and Rault, J.L., 2019. Group lactation from 7 or 14 days of age reduces piglet aggression at weaning compared to farrowing crate housing. Animal, 13: 2327-2335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119000478
  • Hansen, L.U., 2018. Test of 10 different farrowing pens for loose-housed sows. Report no. 1803. SEGES, Denmark. https://pigresearchcentre.dk/-/media/English-site/Research_PDF/Sow-and-Piglets/Erfaring_1803-UK.ashx
  • Heidinger, B., Stinglmayr, J., Maschat, K., Oberer, M., Kuchling, S., Baumgartner, J., 2018. Summary of the Austrian Project “Pro-SAU”: Evaluation of Novel Farrowing Systems with Possibility for the Sow to Move. 2410:Eval. AFB Supplement zum Abschlussbericht des Projekts Pro-SAU. 
  • Singh, C., Verdon, M., Cronin, G.M. and Hemsworth, P.H., 2017. The behaviour and welfare of sows and piglets in farrowing crates or lactation pens. Animal, 11: 1210–1221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116002573
  • Condous, P.C., Plush, K.J., Tilbrook, A.J. and Van Wettere, W.H.E.J., 2016. Reducing sow confinement during farrowing and in early lactation increases piglet mortality. Journal of Animal Science, 94: 3022-3029. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-0145
  • Hales, J., Moustsen, V.A., Nielsen, M.B.F. and Hansen, C.F., 2016. The effect of temporary confinement of hyperprolific sows in Sow Welfare and Piglet protection pens on sow behaviour and salivary cortisol concentrations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 83: 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.07.008
  • Thomsson, O., Sjunnesson, Y., Magnusson, U., Eliasson-Selling, L., Wallenbeck, A. and Bergqvist, A.S., 2016. Consequences for piglet performance of group housing lactating sows at one, two, or three weeks post-farrowing. PloS one, 11: e0156581. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156581
  • Hales, J., Moustsen, V.A., Nielsen, M.B.F. and Hansen, C.F., 2015. Temporary confinement of loose-housed hyperprolific sows reduces piglet mortality. Journal of Animal Science, 93: 4079–4088. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-8973
  • Ison, S.H., Wood, C.M. and Baxter, E.M., 2015. Behaviour of pre-pubertal gilts and its relationship to farrowing behaviour in conventional farrowing crates and loose-housed pens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 170: 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.06.004
  • Martin, J.E., Ison, S.H. and Baxter, E.M., 2015. The influence of neonatal environment on piglet play behaviour and post-weaning social and cognitive development. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 163: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.022
  • van Nieuwamerongen, S.E., Soede, N.M., van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C., Kemp, B. and Bolhuis, J.E., 2015. Development of piglets raised in a new multi-litter housing system vs. conventional single-litter housing until 9 weeks of age. Journal of Animal Science, 93: 5442-5454. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9460
  • Hales, J., Moustsen, V.A., Nielsen, M.B.F. and Hansen, C.F., 2014. Higher preweaning mortality in free farrowing pens compared with farrowing crates in three commercial pig farms. Animal, 8: 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001869
  • van Nieuwamerongen, S.E., Bolhuis, J.E., Van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C. and Soede, N.M., 2014. A review of sow and piglet behaviour and performance in group housing systems for lactating sows. Animal, 8: 448-460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113002280
  • Bohnenkamp, A.L., Traulsen, I., Meyer, C., Müller, K. and Krieter, J., 2013. Comparison of growth performance and agonistic interaction in weaned piglets of different weight classes from farrowing systems with group or single housing. Animal, 7: 309-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001541
  • Moustsen, V.A., Hales, J., Lahrmann, H.P., Weber, P.M. and Hansen, C.F., 2013. Confinement of lactating sows in crates for 4 days after farrowing reduces piglet mortality. Animal, 7: 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112002170
  • Baxter, E.M., Lawrence, A.B. and Edwards, S.A., 2012. Alternative farrowing accommodation: welfare and economic aspects of existing farrowing and lactation systems for pigs. Animal, 6: 96-117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111001224
  • Guy, J.H., Cain, P.J., Seddon, Y.M., Baxter, E.M. and Edwards, S.A., 2012. Economic evaluation of high welfare indoor farrowing systems for pigs. Animal Welfare, 21 Supplement 1: 19-24. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812X13345905673520
  • Oostindjer, M., van den Brand, H., Kemp, B. and Bolhuis, J.E., 2011. Effects of environmental enrichment and loose housing of lactating sows on piglet behaviour before and after weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 134: 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.06.011
  • Oostindjer, M., Bolhuis, J.E., Mendl, M., Held, S., Gerrits, W., Van den Brand, H. and Kemp, B., 2010. Effects of environmental enrichment and loose housing of lactating sows on piglet performance before and after weaning. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 3554-3562. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-2940
  • Weber R., Keil N.M., Fehr M. & Horat R., 2009. Factors affecting piglet mortality in loose farrowing systems on commercial farms. Livestock Science 124(1–3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.002
  • Weber R., Keil N.M., Fehr M. & Horat R., 2007. Piglet mortality on farms using farrowing systems with or without crates. Animal Welfare 16(2), 277–279. Piglet mortality on farms using farrowing systems with or without…: Ingenta Connect
  • Hötzel, M.J., Wolf, F.M. and Dalla Costa, O.A., 2004. Behaviour of sows and piglets reared in intensive outdoor or indoor systems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 86: 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.014
  • Weary, D.M., Pajor, E.A., Bonenfant, M., Fraser, D., Kramer, D.L., 2002.  Alternative housing for sows and litters. Part 4. Effects of sow-controlled housing combined with a communal piglet area on pre- and post-weaning behaviour and performance.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 76: 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00011-4
  • Wattanakul, W., Edwards, S.A., Stewart, A.H. and English, P.R., 1998. Effect of familiarity with the environment on the behaviour and performance response of sows and piglets to grouping during lactation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 61: 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00166-X
  • Blackshaw, J.K., Swain, A.J., Blackshaw, A.W., Thomas, F.J.M. and Gillies, K.J., 1997. The development of playful behaviour in piglets from birth to weaning in three farrowing environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 55: 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00034-8
  • Wattanakul, W., Sinclair, A.G., Stewart, A.H., Edwards, S. A. and English, P.R., 1997. Performance and behaviour of lactating sows and piglets in crate and multisuckling systems: a study involving European White and Manor Meishan genotypes. Animal Science 64: 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800015915
  • Baxter, M.R., 1991. The Freedom Farrowing System. Farm Building Progress, 104: 9-15.
  • Blackshaw, J.K. and Hagelsø, A.M., 1990. Getting-up and lying-down behaviours of loose-housed sows and social contacts between sows and piglets during Day 1 and Day 8 after parturition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 25: 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90070-T

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Consumer attitudes
  • European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Attitudes of Europeans towards animal welfare – Summary, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2875/93051
  • European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Maestre, M., Campbell, L., Etienne, J. et al., Study on animal welfare labelling – Executive summary, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2875/420959
  • Vandresen, B. and Hötzel, M.J., 2021. “Mothers should have freedom of movement”—Citizens’ attitudes regarding farrowing housing systems for sows and their piglets. Animals, 11(12): Pages 3439-. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123439
  • Buller, H., Blokhuis, H., Jensen, P. and Keeling, L., 2018. Towards farm animal welfare and sustainability. Animals, 8: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8060081
  • Yunes, M., von Keyserlingk, M. and Hötzel, M., 2017. Brazilian citizens’ opinions and attitudes about farm animal production systems. Animals, 7: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7100075
  • Eurobarometer, 2016. Special Eurobarometer 442./Wave EB84.4 – TNS Opinion & Social. Attitudes of Europeans towards Animal Welfare; Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/PublicOpinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/Document
  • Ryan, E.B., Fraser, D. and Weary, D.M., 2015. Public attitudes to housing systems for pregnant pigs. PLoS One, 10: e0141878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141878
  • You X., Li Y., Zhang M., Yan H., Zhao R., 2014. A survey of Chinese citizens’ perceptions on farm animal welfare. PLoS ONE, 9: e109177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109177
  • de Barcellos, M.D., Grunert, K.G., Zhou, Y., Verbeke, W., Perez-Cueto, F.J. and Krystallis, A., 2013. Consumer attitudes to different pig production systems: a study from mainland China. Agriculture and Human Values, 30: 443-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.012
  • Chen, J., and Lobo, A., 2012. Organic food products in China: Determinants of consumers’ purchase intentions. The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research 22: 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2012.682596
  • D’Silva, J. and Turner, J. eds., 2012. Animals, ethics and trade: The challenge of animal sentience. Routledge.
  • Boogaard, B.K., Boekhorst, L.J.S., Oosting, S.J. and Sørensen, J.T., 2011. Socio-cultural sustainability of pig production: Citizen perceptions in the Netherlands and Denmark. Livestock Science, 140: 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.028

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